Original Rainbow Flag (1978)

Overview

Baker sought a visible, positive symbol for the community, one that came from nature and represented diversity and inclusiveness.

Harvey Milk, one of the first openly gay elected officials in the United States, was among those calling for a symbol of gay pride. Whether he asked Baker for one directly is disputed. The Gilbert Baker Estate's 2019 letter states that Milk asked Baker for a new community symbol in 1977 ^[1], and general reference accounts repeat it ^[2]. The New York Times obituary is looser, saying Milk 'joined others in asking Mr. Baker to create an emblem to represent the movement.' ^[3] Baker's memoir names the filmmaker Artie Bressan Jr. as the person who pressed him, adding only that 'Both he and Harvey had brought this up to me before' ^[4], and his 2008 oral history mentions no request from Milk at all. ^[5] Lee Mentley, who ran the Gay Community Center at 330 Grove Street and sat on the Pride Foundation executive board, rejects the account: 'He even reached the point where he said, “Harvey Milk came to me and asked me to create a symbol for the movement.” No, Harvey didn't do any such thing at all.' ^[6] This entry treats a direct commission as unverified.

Baker wanted to replace the pink triangle, a symbol rooted in Nazi concentration camps, where gay men had been forced to wear it under Paragraph 175 of German law; an estimated 25,000 people were convicted under the revised statute from 1937 to 1939 alone. ^[7][8]

In his memoir, Baker traces the flag's conception to early 1978: after a Citizen Kane screening at the Strand Theater, filmmaker Artie Bressan Jr. pressed him at Civic Center Plaza to create a new symbol for 'the dawn of a new gay consciousness and freedom.' Baker noted that 'Both he and Harvey had brought this up to me before.' The rainbow itself came to him later that week while dancing with Cleve Jones at the Winterland Ballroom: 'We were all in a swirl of color and light. It was like a rainbow. A rainbow. That's the moment when I knew exactly what kind of flag I would make.' ^[4]

In his 2008 oral history Baker recalled that 'people around me were saying, We need a logo,' but that the 1976 Bicentennial's wave of American flags had him 'looking at flags with a new eye': 'Maybe we could have a flag too because we're a people.' ^[5] Baker felt the triangle was 'emotionally too dark' and the Greek letter lambda 'too obscure.' He wrote in Rainbow Warrior: 'A Rainbow Flag was a conscious choice, natural and necessary. The rainbow came from earliest recorded history as a symbol of hope.' ^[8][4]

Baker, Lynn Segerblom, and James McNamara led the production at the Gay Community Center at 330 Grove Street in San Francisco, with approximately thirty volunteers. ^[9][10] The building also housed the Gay Liberation Front; the Black Panthers had previously occupied the same space, and the two groups had coexisted. ^[10]

The Gay Freedom Day Committee provided about $1,000 for materials ^[1][10], though accounts of its exact path differ. Lee Mentley recalls roughly $1,000–1,200 located through both Harvey Milk's and State Senator Quentin Kopp's offices ^[6], while earlier reporting describes leftover hotel tax funds secured through Milk. ^[10] Volunteers purchased about a thousand yards of cotton fabric and bottles of dye. The center had no water heater, so Segerblom heated water in big canning pots and mixed it with cold water in giant trash cans that served as dye vats, using salt with the dyes for each of the eight colors. The dyed fabric was dragged onto the roof to dry. ^[10] Late-night runs to a nearby laundromat for rinsing were done covertly, since using dye in public machines was prohibited, and they ran a bleach cycle afterward. ^[10] McNamara sewed the strips together, and the team spent about six weeks making the flags, unsure they would finish in time for the parade. ^[10][11]

Two monumental flags were produced, documented by the institutions that hold and exhibit the work as measuring 30 feet by 60 feet each, though Segerblom has recalled the pair as larger. ^{[12][13][14][11]} The two were not identical: one carried only the eight rainbow stripes, while the other, attributed to Segerblom, was a stars-and-stripes variant, 'a rainbow version of the American flag' with, in the Art Newspaper's words, 'a square of blue and white tie-dyed stars' in its upper corner. ^[12][14][11] Segerblom has described the two as an intentional pair, with the stripe order flipped between them, one pink-topped and one purple-topped. The stars flag's canton was printed using hand-cut star woodblocks, C-clamped and dye-immersed, plus a leftover Angels of Light lamé star (silver one side, gold the other) sewn into its aqua stripe. Within the team the stripes-only flag was called 'James's flag' and the stars flag 'Lynn's Flag' or the 'New American Rainbow Flag.' ^[6] Each flag was so heavy it required several people to lift and a pickup truck to transport. ^[2][9]

Beyond the two monumental banners, the team also produced roughly eighteen smaller flags for the plaza's reflecting pool, each a pre-cut white muslin flag handed to an individual artist to paint, dye, or appliqué. ^[10] One of the two flags, the stars-and-stripes version, was stolen from the community center and never recovered. ^[15][11]

Identity & Context

Represented Identity

Gay community, LGBTQ community

Movement

Gay Liberation Movement, LGBTQ Pride Movement

National Context

United States

The flag originates in San Francisco but became a broader pride symbol for the community at large. Conceived at the height of the city’s emergence as a center of gay political power, following Harvey Milk’s historic 1977 election.

Creators

The Creators

Gilbert Baker

Designer & Vexillographer

Gilbert Baker (June 2, 1951 -- March 31, 2017) was a self-taught vexillographer, artist, and gay rights activist who created the rainbow flag, which became one of the most widely recognized symbols of LGBTQ pride worldwide. Born in Chanute and raised in Parsons, Kansas, a Bible Belt town near the Oklahoma border, his grandmother owned a women's clothing store where he first discovered his love of fabric. In his posthumous memoir Rainbow Warrior, Baker wrote that in 1950s Kansas, it was 'not considered normal to imagine greatness and beauty. Being an artist was bad in the same way that homosexuality was bad.' ^[8] As a child, he secretly danced in his aunt's old prom dress; his parents gave him an Erector Set to channel his creativity into 'more masculine' areas. He described high school as 'horrible,' recalling 'I was always the gay kid... always an outcast,' with art as 'my escape and my high and my passion.' He came out to his parents officially at Christmas 1970/71, followed by five or six years of estrangement. He had two younger sisters. ^[5]

Drafted into the U.S. Army in 1970, Baker served as a medic stationed at the Presidio of San Francisco, associated with Letterman Army Medical Center, which trained a quarter of the Army's medical specialists and treated soldiers wounded in Vietnam. After his honorable discharge in 1972, he stayed in San Francisco, used the G.I. Bill to go back to school, and was taught to sew by fellow activist Mary Dunn. He entered the drag scene under the name 'Busty Ross' (alluding to Betsy Ross), joined the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence in 1981 as 'Sister Chanel 2001,' and began making banners for gay-rights and anti-war protest marches.

He met Harvey Milk in 1974 and later said Milk showed him 'how action could create change'; after Milk's election in November 1977, Baker set out to make a positive symbol of pride to replace the pink triangle, with Milk among those calling for one.

In 1979, Baker began working at Paramount Flag Company, creating flags for the mayoral inauguration, state receptions, and the 1984 Democratic National Convention in San Francisco.

In 1994, he created a mile-long rainbow flag for the 25th anniversary of Stonewall, carried by thousands through New York City. When the Giuliani administration refused a permit for the traditional Fifth Avenue route and a federal court upheld the denial, Baker cut sections from the flag after its First Avenue unfurling, and confederates smuggled them crosstown so the unpermitted Fifth Avenue march coming up from Stonewall could carry the rainbow anyway. ^[16] In 2003, he created a 1.25-mile flag stretching sea to sea along Key West's Duval Street, using the original eight colors; about 3,000 volunteers helped unfurl it. In 2015, MoMA acquired examples of the rainbow flag for its permanent design collection. In 2016, Baker was invited to the White House to personally present President Obama with a small hand-dyed rainbow flag. He moved to New York City in 1994 and lived near the Stonewall Inn for the rest of his life.

In March 2017, weeks before his death, he created a nine-stripe version adding a lavender stripe to symbolize diversity in response to Trump's election, producing 39 flags for the flag's 39th anniversary. ^[3] He was found dead at his New York home on March 31, 2017; the medical examiner attributed the death to hypertensive and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. He was 65. Cleve Jones, confirming the death, noted Baker had a stroke several years earlier but had not recently been ill. ^[3]

He deliberately chose not to trademark the flag. San Francisco renamed a portion of the intersection at Market and Castro as Gilbert Baker Way, and Google released a Doodle honoring him on June 2, 2017, the 66th anniversary of his birth. ^[2]

He received $1,000 from the Gay Freedom Day Committee, and approximately 30 volunteers assisted with the hand-dyeing at the Gay Community Center.

A flag is different from any other form of art. It’s not a painting, it’s not just cloth. It is the spirit of the movement.

We needed something that expressed us. The rainbow fit us. It’s from nature. It represents all the colors, all the races, all the genders. It’s the rainbow of humanity.

I’d give anything to have been there when they ran those flags up that flagpole. I felt so proud.

A flag translates into everything, from tacky souvenirs to the names of organizations and the way that flags function. I knew instantly when I saw the reaction that it was going to be something. I didn't know what or how or — but I knew. (2008 oral history, quoted in his NYT obituary) ^[3]

[On the pink triangle:] It was put on us by the Nazis and it really did function as a symbol for our movement and our 'liberation', but it wasn't from us. (2008 KU oral history) ^[5]

I was certainly keenly aware of flags because of the bicentennial in 1976 and this huge wave of American flags that just washed over the country... And I thought, Maybe we could have a flag too because we're a people. (2008 KU oral history) ^[5]

I don't have a patent or a copyright, so all those dollars slid away. But it belongs to everybody. (2008 KU oral history) ^[5]

I'm just this guy from Kansas that had the stroke of luck to be the one to make the flag, and as I say sort of pulled the sword from a stone. (2008 KU oral history) ^[5]

We were all in a swirl of color and light. It was like a rainbow. A rainbow. That's the moment when I knew exactly what kind of flag I would make. (Rainbow Warrior, ch. 5, via the Gilbert Baker Foundation) ^[4]

I thought a gay nation should have a flag too, to proclaim its own idea of power. (Rainbow Warrior, ch. 5, via the Gilbert Baker Foundation) ^[4]

All sexes, all genders, all races, all ages. It's the Rainbow of Humanity. (via the Gilbert Baker Foundation) ^[17]

Motivations

• To replace the pink triangle, which was rooted in Nazi persecution, with a positive, self-created symbol ^[18][7]
• To create a universal symbol that belonged to the entire LGBTQ community, not any single organization ^[2]
• To honor Harvey Milk’s call for visible symbols of gay pride and political presence ^[19][18][2]

Stated inspirations

• The rainbow as a naturally occurring symbol of diversity and hope^[2][18]
• The Rolling Stones' 'She's a Rainbow' and 1960s counterculture, Baker's own stated frame of reference for the rainbow motif^[7]
• The 1976 American Bicentennial's 'huge wave of American flags,' which set him looking at flags 'with a new eye,' his own stated account, independently matching the Estate's Bicentennial narrative^[5][4][1]
• The American flag and the French revolutionary tricolor, flags born of riot, rebellion, and revolution, with 'the same power of belonging'^[4][2]

Broader influences

• Judy Garland's 'Over the Rainbow' is widely speculated to have inspired the flag, but Baker himself deflected this: 'I come from the '60s, so [the flag's] more about the Rolling Stones and their song “She's a Rainbow” … But, I get the Garland thing, and being from Kansas, I double get it' (2008 New York Blade interview, carried by Wikipedia)^[7]
• The counterculture movement’s embrace of color, psychedelia, and visual spectacle
• San Francisco’s artistic and activist communities in the late 1970s

Lynn Segerblom

Co-Designer & Dye Artist

Lynn Segerblom (also known as Faerie Argyle Rainbow) is identified by multiple sources as heterosexual, 'the straight woman who co-created the rainbow flag.' ^[20][21] She was a textile artist originally from the North Shore of Hawaii who moved to San Francisco at eighteen and attended the Academy of Art. She had taught herself to dye and hand-paint fabrics in high school, experimenting with dyes, paints, wax, gutta resist, rubber bands, and woodblocks.

By 1977, she was known in San Francisco as 'the rainbow artist,' designing clothes for Capezio's and dyeing yards of silk for fashion designer Lea Ditson. Her driver's license bore the legally changed name 'Faerie Argyle Rainbow' from 1976.

She was a member of the Angels of Light, a free performance art troupe whose members adopted alternative lifestyles and denied personal credit for their work, an ethic of anonymity that would later contribute to her erasure from the flag's origin story. In February 1978, months before the June parade, she designed rainbow costumes for an Angels of Light show.

Clinical psychologist Paul Langlotz, who knew the group, later said: 'My assumption had always been, since Lynn's name was Faerie Argyle Rainbow, that the rainbow idea for the flags came out of her nom de plume.' Langlotz has been quoted stating that Segerblom 'literally did the dying of the fabric' and 'came up with the idea,' wording attributed to LGBTQ History Project interviews. It does not appear in the project's current oral-history page and has not been verified against the underlying recording. ^[6]

Segerblom served as co-chair of the Decorating Committee for the 1978 Gay Freedom Day parade alongside Baker. ^[10][20] She developed the dyeing process, concocted all of the color formulas for the dye, provided a crash course in proper dye temperature and fabric agitation, supervised transporting the dyed fabric to a nearby laundromat for rinsing, and did all the dyeing, cutting, ironing, and pinning. ^[22][20][10]

For decades, Baker alone was credited with creating the flag. Segerblom contends it was a three-person collaborative creation: herself, Baker, and James McNamara, a trained fashion designer who taught Baker to sew and who sewed all the flag strips together. McNamara died of AIDS in 1999 and received no recognition. Writer Adrian Brooks argued: 'Gilbert didn't conceive or design the 1978 flags, his accomplishment lies in transforming what began as local parade decorations into a global icon. But the ubiquitous flags he popularized so brilliantly were his own six-stripe variants of Lynn's original eight-stripe designs.' ^[6]

The Gilbert Baker Estate called Segerblom's claims of co-creator status 'erroneous' but acknowledged that Baker 'fully honors her contribution in his memoir, Rainbow Warrior'; in a March 2019 letter to Pride LA, the Estate stated that she 'coordinated the dyeing process for the fabrics, while James assisted in sewing the flags,' and maintained Baker as sole designer and creator. ^[1]

Photographer Dan Nicoletta offered a more balanced view: 'She is identifying something that has eroded over the course of the story.' ^[10] In June 2024, CBS News featured Segerblom nationally as a 'hidden figure' behind the iconic rainbow flag, bringing her story to a mainstream audience. ^[21] Additional coverage appeared in the Los Angeles Blade ^[23] and Metrosource. ^[24]

James McNamara and I were just written out of the history of the rainbow flag, when — to be perfectly honest — if it wasn't for James's expertise in sewing and patterning, those flags would have never been completed in time. ^[10]

The color of the rainbow scheme — I came up with that, but whatever. We can say all three of us came up with it. ^[10]

There were no rainbow flags that year in '77. We brought it in. That was the first. ^[10]

Those were very large heavy flags. There's no way one person could even carry one of those much less make one all by themselves. ^[11]

They're a pair. That's why I didn't want them to look exactly the same... On one flag, pink is at the bottom, and purple is at the top... the other one, I flipped it upside down. That's intentional. I wanted to have them be different. ^[6]

I just wanted a touch of magic, a touch of glitter, a little bit of Angels of Light. ^[6]

Motivations

• To contribute her textile and dye expertise to a community art project she believed in

Stated inspirations

• Rainbows as her personal symbol since the mid-1970s, when she legally took the name Faerie Argyle Rainbow and used rainbow schemes in costumes and dyed work at 330 Grove from around 1976^[10]
• Edgar Cayce's writings on color healing, which she read via her parents' books alongside the Bhagavad Gita^[6]

Broader influences

• Natural dye traditions and textile craft techniques

James McNamara

Lead Seamster & Photographer

James 'Jimmy' McNamara was the lead seamster of the original rainbow flags and Gilbert Baker's partner. ^[2][25] He studied costume design at the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) in New York City, honing the sewing skills he would later bring to the flag; his ultimate dream was to become a Broadway costume designer. ^[25]

During a six-week period in the spring and summer of 1978, at the San Francisco Gay Community Center, he sewed together the many hand-dyed muslin strips Lynn Segerblom had colored, and he is credited with teaching Baker how to sew. ^[10][25] McNamara was also a photographer: he captured high-quality photographs of the flag's creation and its first flight at the United Nations Plaza, images that remain with the GLBT Historical Society Archives. ^[25]

Though based in San Francisco in this period, he had deep roots on the East End of Long Island, spending childhood and adult summers in the Sag Harbor and North Haven area, which his cousin Dedi McNamara described as a refuge where he felt accepted. ^[25] His childhood friend Paul Langlotz places their shared origins in New Jersey ('We had always been outcasts in our own culture in New Jersey'), and Segerblom likewise recalled that near the end of his life 'he went back to New Jersey. That's where he's from,' accounts that sit alongside, and partly in tension with, the Sag Harbor profile. ^[10][6]

In 1994, Baker asked McNamara to help sew the Stonewall 25 mile-long flag; according to Langlotz he helped briefly, then quit, hurt at being cut out of the story of the 1978 originals. ^[6] He died in 1999 of pneumonia from complications of AIDS, in his early forties. ^[25]

Attribution notes

Listed as co-primary designers per Segerblom's own account and eyewitness testimony (Paul Langlotz, Adrian Brooks, Dan Nicoletta) that she conceived the rainbow dye concept and developed the entire dyeing process, not merely executed it. The Gilbert Baker Estate disputes co-creator status and maintains Baker as sole designer. Distinct from the three principal creators, the 1978 production drew on a wider circle of helpers, among them Glenne McElhinney, Joe Duran, and Paul Langlotz ^[13][14], with Robert Guttman also pictured helping raise the flags ^[10][11], alongside roughly thirty volunteers. ^[15]

Origin

Country

United States

Region / state

California

City

San Francisco

Specific Place

Gay Community Center, 330 Grove Street

Place Type

community center

Created in San Francisco, California, on the unceded ancestral homeland of the Ramaytush Ohlone people. ^[26][27]

Indigenous land context

Ramaytush Ohlone — unceded ancestral homeland (Indigenous name: Ramaytush). The Ramaytush Ohlone are the original peoples of Yelamu, the San Francisco Peninsula. ^{[28] [29]} The area now comprising the City and County of San Francisco was inhabited by the Yelamu, an independent tribe of the Ramaytush Ohlone peoples. ^[30] Before the Spanish arrived in 1769 the Ramaytush Ohlone numbered roughly 1,500 to 2,000 people living in ten small tribal groups; by the end of the Mission Period only a few families had survived. ^{[28] [29]} The Association of Ramaytush Ohlone records that one lineage is known to have produced living descendants today, and the American Indian Cultural District documents four family lineages all descending from a single survivor of the colonization of San Francisco, named Leandra. Those descendants comprise the membership of the Ramaytush Tribe and the staff of the Association. ^{[28] [29]} The land was never ceded, and in the words adopted by San Francisco's own commissions, the Ramaytush Ohlone 'have never ceded, lost, nor forgotten their responsibilities as the caretakers of this place.' ^{[31] [30]} The Commission on the Environment states that the Ramaytush Ohlone 'are not a mythical population of the past, but an integral and active community in the present San Francisco Bay Area region.' ^{[30] [26][27][28][31][30][29]}

Colonial / settler context

The rainbow flag was sewn and first flown on unceded Ramaytush Ohlone land. No treaty of cession exists for the San Francisco Peninsula. The flag's creation and its debut at Gay Freedom Day 1978 took place on territory from which the Ohlone were dispossessed through the Spanish mission system beginning in 1769. ^{[27][28][31][30][29]}

Land status

Unceded (no treaty of cession exists)

Indigenous engagement

None documented

Continuing presence

The Ramaytush Tribe and the Association of Ramaytush Ohlone are active in the region today: the Farming is Medicine initiative on 34 acres in San Gregorio, a National Park Service curriculum, youth and stewardship partnerships, land-return advocacy, and the campaign to rename half of Mission Dolores Park to Chutchui. The Tribe's own website went online in 2026, with membership applications opening that April. ^{[28] [29]}

The flag was made in San Francisco. The strips of fabric were hand-dyed in metal trash cans in the attic of the Gay Community Center, then sewn together on Baker's sewing machine.

Dates & Chronology

Year Created

1978

Exact date

May–June 1978 (six-week production following the May 1978 committee approval, completed for the June 25 debut)

First public use

June 25, 1978

Period in Use

1978–present (revived periodically; superseded commercially by 6-stripe version)

The two original flags were first flown at the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade on June 25, 1978, hung from the flagpole at United Nations Plaza in the Civic Center. ^[7][2][32] Harvey Milk was present at the parade, five months before his assassination. ^[9]

On November 27, 1978, Milk and Mayor George Moscone were shot and killed inside San Francisco City Hall by Dan White, a former fellow supervisor. Milk was shot five times, including twice in the head. ^[7][2] On May 21, 1979, after White was convicted of voluntary manslaughter rather than first-degree murder, largely through the defense strategy known as the 'Twinkie defense,' thousands rioted in what became known as the White Night riots. ^[7]

The assassination dramatically increased demand for the rainbow flag as a symbol of community solidarity and defiance. ^[2][9] Baker approached the Paramount Flag Company in San Francisco to mass-produce it, but the hot pink fabric could not be sourced commercially, so the top stripe was dropped, yielding a seven-stripe version. ^[7][2]

For the 1979 Gay Freedom Day Parade, organizers wanted to hang the flag vertically from lampposts along Market Street; an even number of stripes was needed to split it symmetrically on both sides of each pole. Baker and Paramount vice president Ken Hughes agreed to drop hot pink and turquoise and replace indigo with royal blue, creating the six-stripe version that became the commercial standard. ^[7][33] Jim Ferrigan, then a Paramount employee, recalled that in this period 'customers bought almost anything striped,' and that Buddhist, Sufi, Tibetan, and cooperativist flags all served as pride flags before the design standardized. ^[33] Baker always considered the six-stripe version the 'commercial version' and the eight-stripe the original. ^[2]

Major revisions

1. 1978–1979

   Hot pink stripe removed for mass production (fabric unavailable), yielding the 7-stripe transitional version. ^[7][2] Turquoise then removed and indigo replaced by royal blue for the 1979 parade, creating the 6-stripe standard. ^[7]

2. 2003

   Baker revived the original 8-stripe design for the 25th anniversary, creating a mile-and-a-quarter-long rainbow flag in Key West, Florida. ^[2]

3. 2017

   Baker added a lavender stripe for diversity, creating a 9-stripe update. ^[2]

After the 1978 parade, the flags were stored at the Gay Community Center. One flag was stolen and never recovered. The other sustained water damage: Baker found it badly mildewed from a leaky roof and salvaged a roughly ten-by-twenty-eight-foot section, which he kept for decades. ^[15]

Accounts of the flags' disappearance conflict. Segerblom recalls Baker announcing that both large flags had been stolen, and notes that moving even one required two or three people and a vehicle. Baker's memoir instead suggests the stars-and-stripes flag was stolen from the front of the Gay Community Center around the 1979 parade, possibly by a construction crew working across the street, and describes a struggle over the rainbow flags at the Civic Center takedown. Photographs and video from 1979 show both designs still flying that year. The LGBTQ History Project records that the surviving section later surfaced from Baker's own storage, having been 'quietly rescued' after water damage. ^[6]

When Baker died in March 2017, his possessions were shipped to his sister Ardonna Baker Cook, and the fragment sat in boxes in her garage. In 2019, Charles 'Charley' Beal, president of the Gilbert Baker Foundation, called Baker's sister looking for a large flag for the Stonewall 50 parade in New York City, and she sent him a big box from the garage. The Foundation carried the fragment in the Stonewall 50 parade without recognizing it as one of the 1978 originals, then Beal folded it up and stored it in his Greenwich Village apartment.

Later that August, vexillologist James Ferrigan, who had worked with Baker at Paramount Flag Company in the late 1970s, contacted Beal and asked about the fragment, which Ferrigan had last seen in Baker's San Francisco apartment in the early 1980s. When Ferrigan described it, Beal realized the fragment was the piece in his closet. In February 2020, Ferrigan inspected the piece in Beal's hotel room and identified Paramount stitching and grommet hardware, declaring it without doubt the original. He prepared a formal vexillological report confirming provenance. GLBT Historical Society executive director Terry Beswick then traveled to New York and personally carried the flag back to San Francisco, packed in a lavender suitcase. ^[15]

In April 2021, the fragment was donated to the GLBT Historical Society and permanently installed as part of the exhibition 'Performance, Protest and Politics: The Art of Gilbert Baker.' Its colors are described as 'as vibrant as ever,' and it is shown in a glass case. The GLBT Historical Society calls it 'the only known surviving remnant of the two inaugural rainbow flags.' ^[15][13] The Society also holds one of the sewing machines Baker used.

In 2015, MoMA acquired Baker's rainbow flag for its permanent design collection as a 'Gift of the designer,' ranking the design alongside the Creative Commons logo and the recycling symbol as an internationally recognized design object. MoMA describes the flag it holds, object 728.2015, as 'the contemporary, mass-produced version' (nylon, 36 by 60 inches), not one of the original 1978 hand-dyed cotton flags; its record enters it as a gift of the designer and credits Lynn Segerblom and James McNamara as fabricators. ^[2][14][34]

Anomalous eight-striped flags (red, orange, yellow-orange, yellow, green, light blue, dark blue, purple) were photographed at San Francisco Pride events between 1980 and 1986: flag makers remembered the original's stripe count but matched a natural rainbow rather than Baker's colors. No photographs after 1986 are known. ^[33]

Lineage

Indirect influences

Pace flag (Italian peace movement), Judy Garland's 'Over the Rainbow' (widely speculated; Baker himself pointed instead to the Rolling Stones' 'She's a Rainbow'), Hippie movement / counterculture color symbolism

Direct children

Gilbert Baker Nine-Stripe Rainbow Flag, Seven-Stripe Rainbow Flag (1978)

Related flags

Disability-Inclusive Pride Flag, Intersex-Inclusive Progress Pride Flag, Progress+ Flag (Disabled Queer Transmasc Variant), Progress Pride Flag, "Ultimate" Inclusive Diversity Pride Flag

This is the earliest design in the Baker rainbow family. It leads directly to the seven-stripe transitional version and to Baker's nine-stripe lavender update of 2017, and to the traditional six-stripe standard as a grandchild through the seven-stripe.

Lineage tree

Every record reachable from this one through documented parent and child relationships: 26 records across 7 generations.

This record

Original Rainbow Flag (1978)

Children

Seven-Stripe Rainbow Flag (1978), Gilbert Baker Nine-Stripe Rainbow Flag

Generation 3

Rainbow Pride Flag

Generation 4

Two-Spirit Pride Flag (2005, Zoccole), South African Gay Pride Flag, Philadelphia Pride Flag, Rainbow Polish Flag, Social Justice Pride Flag, Chicago Pride Flag (Rainbow Stripes, Purple Stars), PRIDE USA Flag, Straight Ally Pride Flag, Victory Over AIDS Flag (1980s, designer unknown)

Generation 5

Gay USA Pride Flag (Campbell), Two-Spirit Pride Flag (2Sanon), Progress Pride Flag, Chicago Pride Flag

Generation 6

Two-Spirit Nonbinary Pride Flag (2Sanon), Indigiqueer Pride Flag (cedar-maw), Intersex-Inclusive Progress Pride Flag, Two-Spirit Pride Flag (2021, sirieko), Utopian Pride Flag #6 (2040 Progress Flag)

Generation 7

"Ultimate" Inclusive Diversity Pride Flag, Disability-Inclusive Pride Flag, Progress+ Flag (Disabled Queer Transmasc Variant), 5790/2029 Pride Flag

Colors & Symbolism

Baker conceived the rainbow as a natural symbol of pride, visibility, collective identity, diversity, unity, and hope. Each of the eight stripes carried a specific meaning. The stripes did not correspond to the later L, G, B, T, or Q, because the community of 1978 was not yet described by those initials. Baker's own term for the design was a 'Rainbow of Humanity' spanning all races, genders, sexualities, and ages, in which Queer life is a full spectrum of bodily, emotional, creative, natural, and spiritual experience rather than a single issue. ^[17]

Wikimedia Commons File:Gay_flag_8.svg ^[35]

Wording varies across sources. Colorado and Library.LGBT broadly align on the original sequence, though they vary slightly: 'sex' versus 'sexuality,' 'sun' versus 'sunlight,' 'magic & art' versus 'art.' Outright's summary appears internally inconsistent, assigning red to healing and not accounting for orange or life. The NYT obituary gives a further variant: pink = sex, red = life, orange = healing, yellow = sun, green = nature, turquoise = magic, blue = peace, purple = spirit, with 'blue for peace' where most sources give serenity or harmony for indigo. ^[3] The Gilbert Baker Foundation publishes an expanded gloss for each stripe, pairing the one-word meaning with a keyword triplet: pink/sex (desire, pleasure), red/life (survival, being, vitality), orange/healing (recovery, care, resilience), yellow/sunlight (openness, joy, visibility), green/nature (growth, earth, belonging), turquoise/magic and art (imagination, invention, transformation), indigo/serenity (calm, depth, inner dignity), violet/spirit (memory, transcendence, soul). This is the stewarding body's wording rather than a contemporaneous 1978 document, and it resolves several of the variants: 'serenity' for indigo rather than the obituary's 'peace,' and 'magic & art' rather than 'art' alone. ^[17]

The displayed reconstruction follows the Wikimedia Commons SVG (File:Gay_flag_8.svg, 600×400 px), the source of the eight hex values recorded here. ^[35] Library.LGBT also supplies hexes, and other sources give color names only. ^[36] The original 1978 flags were hand-dyed, so their exact color values varied and correspond to no standardized digital palette, and no creator-issued official palette is documented. The Commons values are a community-consensus digital convention rather than a creator specification. A separate, creator-linked specification also exists: the Gilbert Baker Foundation states that Baker himself used the Pantone matching system to fix the exact colors of the eight-color flag before his death, and the Foundation has translated those Pantone selections into RGB, CMYK, and HEX (hot pink Pantone 225C, red 185C, orange 021C, yellow 122C, green 348C, turquoise 3135C, indigo 293C, violet 2593C, listed per stripe in the color table). ^[17] The Foundation values differ markedly from the Commons rendering: the Foundation's red is a crimson (#E4002B) rather than a pure primary, its yellow a gold (#FFCD00), and its indigo a strong blue (#003DA5) rather than a violet-leaning indigo. The two sets differ in kind, the Commons palette a digital community convention and the Pantone values descending from the designer. Two Foundation rows are internally inconsistent as published, with hot pink and yellow each listing an RGB triplet that does not match its own stated HEX, and both appear as published rather than reconciled. The displayed reconstruction uses the Commons values, and the creator-linked Foundation values are recorded in the color table.

Design

Aspect Ratio

3:5

Orientation

horizontal

Stripe Count

8

Layout

horizontal stripes

Stripes (Top → Bottom)

Hot Pink, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Turquoise, Indigo, Violet

The two original 1978 flags were each roughly 30 feet high by 60 feet wide, about a 1:2 proportion, sized as monumental banners for the United Nations Plaza flagpoles rather than to a fixed design ratio. Co-creator Lynn Segerblom has recalled them as larger, around 40 by 60 feet. ^{[12][13][14][11]} The displayed 3:5 ratio is a reconstruction convention drawn from standard vexillological practice, not a creator-issued specification.

Eight horizontal stripes of equal width, ordered top-to-bottom: hot pink, red, orange, yellow, green, turquoise, indigo, violet. No emblems, symbols, or additional markings. ^[36] The original flags were hand-dyed in metal trash cans. Segerblom describes the dyes as nontoxic Procion fiber-reactive dyes for natural fibers (salt and soda ash added, constant agitation), rather than 'natural dyes' as sometimes reported. ^[6] Each color strip was dyed separately, then the strips were sewn together on a sewing machine. ^[2]

Usage & Adoption

First Users

San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade (1978)

Organizations

GLBT Historical Society, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)

Geographic Usage

Worldwide

Event Usage

San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade (1978), Key West 25th Anniversary Flag (2003)

Current Status

revived

The eight-stripe design is the original 1978 Pride flag and the foundation of the rainbow flag family. ^[19][2] The six-stripe version became the commercial standard, while the eight-stripe original has been revived periodically and remains distinct from that later commercial form.

Image Archive

The Original Flags (1978)

The Designer, Later Years

Reproductions & Museum Holdings

Discourse & Debates

• Meaning wording differs by source (sex vs. sexuality, sun vs. sunlight, magic & art vs. art) ^[36][18]
• Whether the 6-stripe or 8-stripe version should be considered the 'true' rainbow flag ^[19][2]
• Debate over whether the flag adequately represents all identities within the LGBTQ+ spectrum
• Whether Lynn Segerblom should be recognized as a co-creator of the rainbow flag or solely as a dye-process contributor. Multiple sources and eyewitnesses, including Adrian Brooks, Paul Langlotz, and Dan Nicoletta, describe her role as central to the flag's physical production, and some, including Langlotz, attribute conceptual input to her, with Langlotz saying she 'came up with the idea.' The Gilbert Baker Estate rejects co-creator status and identifies Baker as the sole designer, while Segerblom's own account describes a three-person collaboration with Baker and James McNamara, whose sewing and production role is separately documented. ^{[10][20][1][6]}
• The involvement of a heterosexual woman in creating one of the most widely recognized Queer symbols has itself drawn attention. Segerblom's story gained national visibility through CBS News in June 2024, prompting renewed discussion about collaborative credit in the rainbow flag's creation. ^[20][21]
• Whether financial incentives affected the attribution over time. Segerblom does not believe Baker acted maliciously but has suggested the story shifted once it became lucrative, recalling that he was 'offered money to confirm the rainbow flags and that was just it. He couldn't resist.' The Gilbert Baker Estate's Charley Beal disputes that reading, saying Baker 'never claimed to have made them himself' and calling Segerblom and McNamara 'heroes' who 'helped create a universal symbol.' ^[10]
• The Estate's fuller origin account: in its March 2019 letter, the Estate states that Milk asked Baker for a new community symbol in 1977; that Baker, inspired by the proliferation of American flags during the 1976 Bicentennial, decided the symbol should take the form of a flag; and that he conceived the rainbow concept while out dancing with his friend Cleve Jones, observing the diversity of the dancers around them. The letter further asserts that Segerblom's 'narrative continues to change,' that she has used her claims to solicit funding for a documentary and a book, and that the Estate holds 'voluminous archival records from 1978' refuting her allegations. These are the Estate's characterizations; Segerblom has given a different account of both the flag's conception and her role. ^[1]
• An alternative origin account: at a NAVA conference, former Paramount employee Steve Tyson presented the flag as having grown out of decorative flags he made from Paramount scrap material, later adopted by the community. The claim is reported on FOTW but is not corroborated by any participant account of the 1978 production. ^[33]

Common misidentifications

• Often collapsed into the later six-stripe flag; the original had eight stripes ^[19][36][2]

Common confusions

• Eight-stripe original vs six-stripe ‘traditional’ current form ^[19][7]
• The Pace flag (Italian peace flag) uses similar rainbow colors but in reverse order and is unrelated to LGBTQ+ pride ^[7]
• The Cusco flag of Peru also uses rainbow stripes but is unrelated to Baker’s design ^[7]

Criticisms

• Lynn Segerblom's contribution to the original production was absent from most accounts of the flag's creation until historians revisited the story after Baker's death in 2017. Segerblom developed the dye process used to color the fabric. ^[9]
• The rainbow's framing as a symbol for the whole LGBTQ community has been challenged by communities who felt underrepresented by it. The Philadelphia Pride Flag (2017) and Progress Pride Flag (2018) added stripes for people of color and trans people in response to that critique. ^[9]

The label 'Gilbert Baker Pride Flag' is ambiguous, since Baker designed the eight-stripe original and oversaw the transition to the six-stripe version. The fuller name 'Original 8-Stripe Rainbow Flag' distinguishes the two. Baker referred to the six-stripe version as the 'commercial version' and always considered the eight-stripe the original. The 'International Congress of Flag Makers' sometimes said to have recognized the six-stripe flag never existed. Vexillologist James Ferrigan documents the phrase as Baker's conflation, in a 1987 interview, of FIAV with that year's San Francisco Flag Congress. ^[33]

Footnotes & Citations

Image Sources

Rendering

1978 original

• The two original flags flying at United Nations Plaza on Gay Freedom Day, June 25, 1978, the eight-stripe rainbow flag and the stars-and-stripes variant (a 'rainbow version of the American flag') attributed to Lynn Segerblom. · Credit: Mark Rennie, courtesy of the Gilbert Baker Foundation · Google Arts & Culture / GLBT Historical Society
• One of the original eight-stripe rainbow flags in the wind at San Francisco's Civic Center, 1978. · Credit: James McNamara · GLBT Historical Society
• Lynn Segerblom (Faerie Argyle Rainbow) with one of the original eight-color flags at United Nations Plaza, 1978. · Credit: James McNamara · KQED
• Gilbert Baker, Lynn Segerblom, and Robert Guttman with a volunteer, holding up one of the original rainbow flags, San Francisco, 1978. · Credit: James McNamara, courtesy of Paul Langlotz · WeHo Times
• Gilbert Baker with the mile-and-a-quarter '25 Rainbow Sea to Sea' flag on Duval Street, Key West, 2003, the 25th-anniversary flag, which restored the original eight colors. Identified by visual inference: all eight colors are present and the setting matches Key West. · Credit: Medium via Pridebyonestop.com
• Gilbert Baker heading the Stockholm Pride Parade, 2003. · Credit: Fredrik Persson/Agence France-Presse, Getty Images
• A fabric flag with eight stripes: hot pink, red, orange, yellow, green, teal, blue, violet. · Credit: MOMA, https://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2015/06/17/moma-acquires-the-rainbow-flag/